## Introduction

This vignette describes how to use the tidybayes package to extract tidy data frames of samples of parameters, fits, and predictions from brms::brm. For a more general introduction to tidybayes and its use on general-purpose sampling languages (like Stan and JAGS), see vignette(“tidybayes”).

## Setup

The following libraries are required to run this vignette:

library(magrittr)
library(dplyr)
library(forcats)
library(tidyr)
library(modelr)
library(tidybayes)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggstance)
library(ggridges)
library(cowplot)
library(rstan)
library(brms)

These options help Stan run faster:

rstan_options(auto_write = TRUE)
options(mc.cores = parallel::detectCores())

## Example dataset

To demonstrate tidybayes, we will use a simple dataset with 10 observations from 5 conditions each:

set.seed(5)
n = 10
n_condition = 5
ABC =
data_frame(
condition = rep(c("A","B","C","D","E"), n),
response = rnorm(n * 5, c(0,1,2,1,-1), 0.5)
)

A snapshot of the data looks like this:

head(ABC, 10)
## # A tibble: 10 x 2
##    condition response
##    <chr>        <dbl>
##  1 A           -0.420
##  2 B            1.69
##  3 C            1.37
##  4 D            1.04
##  5 E           -0.144
##  6 A           -0.301
##  7 B            0.764
##  8 C            1.68
##  9 D            0.857
## 10 E           -0.931

(10 rows of 50)

This is a typical tidy format data frame: one observation per row. Graphically:

ABC %>%
ggplot(aes(y = condition, x = response)) +
geom_point()

## Model

Let’s fit a hierarchical model with shrinkage towards a global mean:

m = brm(response ~ (1|condition), data = ABC, control = list(adapt_delta = .99),
prior = c(
prior(normal(0, 1), class = Intercept),
prior(student_t(3, 0, 1), class = sd),
prior(student_t(3, 0, 1), class = sigma)
))
## Compiling the C++ model
## Start sampling

The results look like this:

summary(m)
##  Family: gaussian
##   Links: mu = identity; sigma = identity
## Formula: response ~ (1 | condition)
##    Data: ABC (Number of observations: 50)
## Samples: 4 chains, each with iter = 2000; warmup = 1000; thin = 1;
##          total post-warmup samples = 4000
##     ICs: LOO = NA; WAIC = NA; R2 = NA
##
## Group-Level Effects:
## ~condition (Number of levels: 5)
##               Estimate Est.Error l-95% CI u-95% CI Eff.Sample Rhat
## sd(Intercept)     1.12      0.40     0.60     2.13       1063 1.00
##
## Population-Level Effects:
##           Estimate Est.Error l-95% CI u-95% CI Eff.Sample Rhat
## Intercept     0.49      0.48    -0.51     1.40        796 1.00
##
## Family Specific Parameters:
##       Estimate Est.Error l-95% CI u-95% CI Eff.Sample Rhat
## sigma     0.56      0.06     0.46     0.69       1950 1.00
##
## Samples were drawn using sampling(NUTS). For each parameter, Eff.Sample
## is a crude measure of effective sample size, and Rhat is the potential
## scale reduction factor on split chains (at convergence, Rhat = 1).

## Gathering samples from a fit in tidy-format using spread_samples

Now that we have our results, the fun begins: getting the samples out in a tidy format! First, we’ll use the parameters function to get a list of raw parameter names so that we know what parameters we can extract from the model:

parameters(m)
## [1] "b_Intercept"              "sd_condition__Intercept"  "sigma"                    "r_condition[A,Intercept]"
## [5] "r_condition[B,Intercept]" "r_condition[C,Intercept]" "r_condition[D,Intercept]" "r_condition[E,Intercept]"
## [9] "lp__"

Here, b_Intercept is the global mean, and the r_condition parameters are offsets from that mean for each condition. Given these parameters:

• r_condition[A,Intercept]
• r_condition[B,Intercept]
• r_condition[C,Intercept]
• r_condition[D,Intercept]
• r_condition[E,Intercept]

We might want a data frame where each row is a sample from either r_condition[A,Intercept], r_condition[B,Intercept], ...[C,...], ...[D,...], or ...[E,...], and where we have columns indexing which iteration of the sampler the row came from and which condition (A to E) it is for. That would allow us to easily compute quantities grouped by condition, or generate plots by condition using ggplot, or even merge samples with the original data to plot data and estimates.

The workhorse of tidybayes is the spread_samples function, which does this extraction for us. It includes a simple specification format that we can use to extract parameters and their indices into tidy-format data frames.

### Gathering parameter indices into a separate column in a tidy format data frame

Given a parameter like this:

r_condition[D,Intercept]

We can provide spread_samples with a column specification like this:

r_condition[condition,term]

Where condition corresponds to D and term corresponds to Intercept. There is nothing too magical about what spread_samples does with this specification: under the hood, it splits the parameter indices by commas and spaces (you can split by other characters by changing the sep argument). It lets you assign columns to the resulting indices in order. So r_condition[D,Intercept] has indices D and Intercept, and spread_samples lets us extract these indices as columns in the resulting tidy data frame of samples of r_condition:

m %>%
head(10)
## # A tibble: 10 x 5
## # Groups: condition, term [5]
##    .chain .iteration condition term      r_condition
##     <int>      <int> <chr>     <chr>           <dbl>
##  1      1          1 A         Intercept      -1.24
##  2      1          1 B         Intercept      -0.655
##  3      1          1 C         Intercept       0.455
##  4      1          1 D         Intercept      -0.253
##  5      1          1 E         Intercept      -2.17
##  6      1          2 A         Intercept       0.450
##  7      1          2 B         Intercept       1.20
##  8      1          2 C         Intercept       2.04
##  9      1          2 D         Intercept       1.58
## 10      1          2 E         Intercept      -0.744

(10 rows of 20000)

We can choose whatever names we want for the index columns; e.g.:

m %>%
head(10)
## # A tibble: 10 x 5
## # Groups: c, t [5]
##    .chain .iteration c     t         r_condition
##     <int>      <int> <chr> <chr>           <dbl>
##  1      1          1 A     Intercept      -1.24
##  2      1          1 B     Intercept      -0.655
##  3      1          1 C     Intercept       0.455
##  4      1          1 D     Intercept      -0.253
##  5      1          1 E     Intercept      -2.17
##  6      1          2 A     Intercept       0.450
##  7      1          2 B     Intercept       1.20
##  8      1          2 C     Intercept       2.04
##  9      1          2 D     Intercept       1.58
## 10      1          2 E     Intercept      -0.744

(10 rows of 20000)

But the more descriptive and less cryptic names from the previous example are probably preferable.

In this particular model, there is only one term (Intercept), thus we could omit that index altogether to just get each condition and the value of r_condition for that condition:

m %>%
head(10)
## # A tibble: 10 x 4
## # Groups: condition [5]
##    .chain .iteration condition r_condition
##     <int>      <int> <chr>           <dbl>
##  1      1          1 A              -1.24
##  2      1          1 B              -0.655
##  3      1          1 C               0.455
##  4      1          1 D              -0.253
##  5      1          1 E              -2.17
##  6      1          2 A               0.450
##  7      1          2 B               1.20
##  8      1          2 C               2.04
##  9      1          2 D               1.58
## 10      1          2 E              -0.744

(10 rows of 20000)

Note: If you have used spread_samples with raw samples from Stan or JAGS, you may be used to using recover_types before spread_samples to get index column values back (e.g. if the index was a factor). This is not necessary when using spread_samples on rstanarm models, because those models already contain that information in their parameter names. For more on recover_types, see vignette(“tidybayes”).

## Point estimates and intervals

### With simple parameters

tidybayes provides a family of functions for generating point estimates and intervals from samples in a tidy format. These functions follow the naming scheme [mean|median|mode]_[qi|hdi], for example, mean_qi, median_qi, mode_hdi, and so on. The first name (before the _) indicates the type of point estimate, and the second name indicates the type of interval. qi yields a quantile interval (a.k.a. equi-tailed interval, central interval, or percentile interval) and hdi yields a highest (posterior) density interval. Custom estimates or intervals can also be applied using the point_interval function.

For example, we might extract the samples corresponding to the overall mean and standard deviation of observations:

m %>%
head(10)
## # A tibble: 10 x 4
##    .chain .iteration b_Intercept sigma
##     <int>      <int>       <dbl> <dbl>
##  1      1          1      1.33   0.492
##  2      1          2     -0.338  0.605
##  3      1          3      0.0840 0.591
##  4      1          4     -0.127  0.511
##  5      1          5      0.473  0.609
##  6      1          6      0.543  0.616
##  7      1          7      0.852  0.555
##  8      1          8      0.728  0.528
##  9      1          9      0.765  0.569
## 10      1         10      0.924  0.587

(10 rows of 4000)

Like with r_condition[condition,term], this gives us a tidy data frame. If we want the mean and 95% quantile interval of the parameters, we can apply mean_qi:

m %>%
mean_qi(b_Intercept, sigma)
## # A tibble: 1 x 7
##   b_Intercept b_Intercept.low b_Intercept.high sigma sigma.low sigma.high .prob
##         <dbl>           <dbl>            <dbl> <dbl>     <dbl>      <dbl> <dbl>
## 1       0.490          -0.512             1.40 0.561     0.460      0.688 0.950

We can specify the columns we want to get means and intervals from, as above, or if we omit the list of columns, mean_qi will use every column that is not a grouping column or a special column (one that starts with ., like .chain or .iteration). Thus in the above example, b_Intercept and sigma are redundant arguments to mean_qi because they are also the only columns we gathered from the model. So we can simplify this to:

m %>%
mean_qi()
## # A tibble: 1 x 7
##   b_Intercept b_Intercept.low b_Intercept.high sigma sigma.low sigma.high .prob
##         <dbl>           <dbl>            <dbl> <dbl>     <dbl>      <dbl> <dbl>
## 1       0.490          -0.512             1.40 0.561     0.460      0.688 0.950

If you would rather have a long-format list of intervals, use gather_samples instead:

m %>%
gather_samples(b_Intercept, sigma) %>%
mean_qi()
## # A tibble: 2 x 5
## # Groups: term [2]
##   term        estimate conf.low conf.high .prob
##   <chr>          <dbl>    <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 b_Intercept    0.490   -0.512     1.40  0.950
## 2 sigma          0.561    0.460     0.688 0.950

The conf.low and conf.high naming scheme is used when mean_qi summarizes a single column in order to be consistent with the output of broom::tidy. This makes it easier to compare output from tidybayes to other models supported by broom.

For more on gather_samples, see vignette(“tidybayes”).

### With indexed parameters

When we have a parameter with one or more indices, such as r_condition, we can apply mean_qi (or other functions in the point_estimate family) as we did before:

m %>%
mean_qi()
## # A tibble: 5 x 5
## # Groups: condition [5]
##   condition r_condition conf.low conf.high .prob
##   <chr>           <dbl>    <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 A              -0.295   -1.27      0.755 0.950
## 2 B               0.512   -0.434     1.55  0.950
## 3 C               1.34     0.374     2.38  0.950
## 4 D               0.520   -0.411     1.54  0.950
## 5 E              -1.38    -2.34     -0.365 0.950

How did mean_qi know what to aggregate? Data frames returned by spread_samples are automatically grouped by all index variables you pass to it; in this case, that means spread_samples groups its results by condition. mean_qi respects those groups, and calculates the estimates and intervals within all groups. Then, because no columns were passed to mean_qi, it acts on the only non-special (.-prefixed) and non-group column, r_condition. So the above shortened syntax is equivalent to this more verbose call:

m %>%
group_by(condition) %>%   # this line not necessary (done by spread_samples)
mean_qi(r_condition)      # b is not necessary (it is the only non-group column)
## # A tibble: 5 x 5
## # Groups: condition [5]
##   condition r_condition conf.low conf.high .prob
##   <chr>           <dbl>    <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 A              -0.295   -1.27      0.755 0.950
## 2 B               0.512   -0.434     1.55  0.950
## 3 C               1.34     0.374     2.38  0.950
## 4 D               0.520   -0.411     1.54  0.950
## 5 E              -1.38    -2.34     -0.365 0.950

## Combining variables with different indices in a single tidy format data frame

spread_samples and gather_samples support extracting variables that have different indices into the same data frame. Indices with the same name are automatically matched up, and values are duplicated as necessary to produce one row per all combination of levels of all indices. For example, we might want to calculate the mean within each condition (call this condition_mean). In this model, that mean is the intercept (b_Intercept) plus the effect for a given condition (r_condition).

We can gather samples from b_Intercept and r_condition together in a single data frame:

m %>%
head(10)
## # A tibble: 10 x 5
## # Groups: condition [5]
##    .chain .iteration b_Intercept condition r_condition
##     <int>      <int>       <dbl> <chr>           <dbl>
##  1      1          1       1.33  A              -1.24
##  2      1          1       1.33  B              -0.655
##  3      1          1       1.33  C               0.455
##  4      1          1       1.33  D              -0.253
##  5      1          1       1.33  E              -2.17
##  6      1          2      -0.338 A               0.450
##  7      1          2      -0.338 B               1.20
##  8      1          2      -0.338 C               2.04
##  9      1          2      -0.338 D               1.58
## 10      1          2      -0.338 E              -0.744

(10 rows of 20000)

Within each sample, b_Intercept is repeated as necessary to correspond to every index of r_condition. Thus, the mutate function from dplyr can be used to find their sum, condition_mean (which is the estimated mean for each condition):

m %>%
spread_samples(b_Intercept, r_condition[condition,]) %>%
mutate(condition_mean = b_Intercept + r_condition) %>%
mean_qi(condition_mean)
## # A tibble: 5 x 5
## # Groups: condition [5]
##   condition condition_mean conf.low conf.high .prob
##   <chr>              <dbl>    <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 A                  0.195   -0.154     0.549 0.950
## 2 B                  1.00     0.654     1.35  0.950
## 3 C                  1.83     1.49      2.17  0.950
## 4 D                  1.01     0.656     1.35  0.950
## 5 E                 -0.889   -1.25     -0.536 0.950

mean_qi uses tidy evaluation (see vignette("tidy-evaluation", package = "rlang")), so it can take column expressions, not just column names. Thus, we can simplify the above example by moving the calculation of condition_mean from mutate into mean_qi:

m %>%
mean_qi(condition_mean = b_Intercept + r_condition)
## # A tibble: 5 x 5
## # Groups: condition [5]
##   condition condition_mean conf.low conf.high .prob
##   <chr>              <dbl>    <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 A                  0.195   -0.154     0.549 0.950
## 2 B                  1.00     0.654     1.35  0.950
## 3 C                  1.83     1.49      2.17  0.950
## 4 D                  1.01     0.656     1.35  0.950
## 5 E                 -0.889   -1.25     -0.536 0.950

## Plotting point estimates and intervals

Plotting point estimates and with one interval is straightforward using the ggplot2::geom_pointrange or ggstance::geom_pointrangeh geoms:

m %>%
mean_qi(condition_mean = b_Intercept + r_condition) %>%
ggplot(aes(y = condition, x = condition_mean, xmin = conf.low, xmax = conf.high)) +
geom_pointrangeh()

## Interval estimates with multiple probability levels

mean_qi and its sister functions can also produce an arbitrary number of probability intervals by setting the .prob = argument:

m %>%
mean_qi(condition_mean = b_Intercept + r_condition, .prob = c(.95, .8, .5))
## # A tibble: 15 x 5
## # Groups: condition [5]
##    condition condition_mean conf.low conf.high .prob
##    <chr>              <dbl>    <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>
##  1 A                  0.195  -0.154      0.549 0.950
##  2 B                  1.00    0.654      1.35  0.950
##  3 C                  1.83    1.49       2.17  0.950
##  4 D                  1.01    0.656      1.35  0.950
##  5 E                 -0.889  -1.25      -0.536 0.950
##  6 A                  0.195  -0.0315     0.420 0.800
##  7 B                  1.00    0.778      1.23  0.800
##  8 C                  1.83    1.60       2.06  0.800
##  9 D                  1.01    0.781      1.23  0.800
## 10 E                 -0.889  -1.12      -0.660 0.800
## 11 A                  0.195   0.0798     0.312 0.500
## 12 B                  1.00    0.886      1.12  0.500
## 13 C                  1.83    1.71       1.95  0.500
## 14 D                  1.01    0.896      1.13  0.500
## 15 E                 -0.889  -1.01      -0.771 0.500

The results are in a tidy format: one row per group and probability level (.prob). This facilitates plotting. For example, assigning -.prob to the size aesthetic will show all intervals, making thicker lines correspond to smaller intervals. The geom_pointintervalh geom, provided by tidybayes, is a shorthand for a geom_pointrangeh with xmin, xmax, and size set appropriately based on the conf.low, conf.high, and .prob columns in the data to produce plots of estimates with multiple probability levels:

m %>%
mean_qi(condition_mean = b_Intercept + r_condition, .prob = c(.95, .66)) %>%
ggplot(aes(y = condition, x = condition_mean)) +
geom_pointintervalh() 

## Intervals with densities

To see the density along with the intervals, we can use geom_eyeh (horizontal “eye plots”, which combine intervals with violin plots), or geom_halfeyeh (horizontal interval + density plots):

m %>%
mutate(condition_mean = b_Intercept + r_condition) %>%
ggplot(aes(y = condition, x = condition_mean)) +
geom_halfeyeh() 

## Posterior fits

Rather than calculating conditional means manually as in the previous example, we could use add_fitted_samples, which is analogous to brms::fitted.brmsfit or brms::posterior_linpred (giving posterior draws from the model’s linear predictor, in this case, posterior distributions of conditional means), but uses a tidy data format. We can combine it with modelr::data_grid to first generate a grid describing the fits we want, then transform that grid into a long-format data frame of samples of posterior fits:

ABC %>%
data_grid(condition) %>%
head(10)
## # A tibble: 10 x 5
## # Groups: condition, .row [1]
##    condition  .row .chain .iteration estimate
##    <chr>     <int>  <int>      <int>    <dbl>
##  1 A             1     NA          1  0.0971
##  2 A             1     NA          2  0.112
##  3 A             1     NA          3  0.290
##  4 A             1     NA          4  0.187
##  5 A             1     NA          5 -0.0171
##  6 A             1     NA          6  0.0295
##  7 A             1     NA          7 -0.00920
##  8 A             1     NA          8  0.0499
##  9 A             1     NA          9  0.155
## 10 A             1     NA         10  0.175

(10 rows of 20000)

To plot this example, we’ll also show the use of stat_pointintervalh instead of geom_pointintervalh, which summarizes samples into estimates and intervals within ggplot:

ABC %>%
data_grid(condition) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = estimate, y = condition)) +
stat_pointintervalh(.prob = c(.66, .95))

## Quantile dotplots

Intervals are nice if the alpha level happens to line up with whatever decision you are trying to make, but getting a shape of the posterior is better (hence eye plots, above). On the other hand, making inferences from density plots is imprecise (estimating the area of one shape as a proportion of another is a hard perceptual task). Reasoning about probability in frequency formats is easier, motivating quantile dotplots, which also allow precise estimation of arbitrary intervals (down to the dot resolution of the plot, here 100):

ABC %>%
data_grid(condition) %>%
do(data_frame(estimate = quantile(.estimate, ppoints(100)))) %>% ggplot(aes(x = estimate)) + geom_dotplot(binwidth = .04) + facet_grid(fct_rev(condition) ~ .) + scale_y_continuous(breaks = NULL) The idea is to get away from thinking about the posterior as indicating one canonical point or interval, but instead to represent it as (say) 100 approximately equally likely points. ## Posterior predictions Where add_fitted_samples is analogous to brms::fitted.brmsfit (or brms::posterior_linpred), add_predicted_samples is analogous to brms::predict.brmsfit (brms::posterior_predict), giving samples from the posterior predictive distribution. Here is an example of posterior predictive distributions plotted using ggridges::geom_density_ridges: ABC %>% data_grid(condition) %>% add_predicted_samples(m) %>% ggplot(aes(x = pred, y = condition)) + geom_density_ridges() ## Picking joint bandwidth of 0.102 We could also use tidybayes::stat_intervalh to plot predictive bands alongside the data: ABC %>% data_grid(condition) %>% add_predicted_samples(m) %>% ggplot(aes(y = condition, x = pred)) + stat_intervalh() + geom_point(aes(x = response), data = ABC) + scale_color_brewer() Altogether, data, posterior predictions, and estimates of the means: grid = ABC %>% data_grid(condition) fits = grid %>% add_fitted_samples(m) preds = grid %>% add_predicted_samples(m) ABC %>% ggplot(aes(y = condition, x = response)) + stat_intervalh(aes(x = pred), data = preds) + stat_pointintervalh(aes(x = estimate), data = fits, .prob = c(.66, .95), position = position_nudge(y = -0.2)) + geom_point() + scale_color_brewer() ## Fit/prediction curves To demonstrate drawing fit curves with uncertainty, let’s fit a slightly naive model to part of the mtcars dataset: m_mpg = brm(mpg ~ hp * cyl, data = mtcars) We can draw fit curves with probability bands: mtcars %>% group_by(cyl) %>% data_grid(hp = seq_range(hp, n = 101)) %>% add_fitted_samples(m_mpg) %>% ggplot(aes(x = hp, y = mpg, color = ordered(cyl))) + stat_lineribbon(aes(y = estimate)) + geom_point(data = mtcars) + scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Greys") Or we can sample a reasonable number of fit lines (say 100) and overplot them: mtcars %>% group_by(cyl) %>% data_grid(hp = seq_range(hp, n = 101)) %>% add_fitted_samples(m_mpg, n = 100) %>% ggplot(aes(x = hp, y = mpg, color = ordered(cyl))) + geom_line(aes(y = estimate, group = paste(cyl, .iteration)), alpha = 0.25) + geom_point(data = mtcars) Or, for posterior predictions (instead of fits), we can go back to probability bands: mtcars %>% group_by(cyl) %>% data_grid(hp = seq_range(hp, n = 101)) %>% add_predicted_samples(m_mpg) %>% ggplot(aes(x = hp, y = mpg, color = ordered(cyl))) + stat_lineribbon(aes(y = pred), .prob = c(.99, .95, .8, .5), alpha = 0.25) + geom_point(data = mtcars) + scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Greys") This gets difficult to judge by group, so probably better to facet into multiple plots. Fortunately, since we are using ggplot, that functionality is built in: mtcars %>% group_by(cyl) %>% data_grid(hp = seq_range(hp, n = 101)) %>% add_predicted_samples(m_mpg) %>% ggplot(aes(x = hp, y = mpg)) + stat_lineribbon(aes(y = pred), .prob = c(.99, .95, .8, .5)) + geom_point(data = mtcars) + scale_fill_brewer() + facet_grid(. ~ cyl) ## Comparing levels of a factor If we wish compare the means from each condition, compare_levels facilitates comparisons of the value of some variable across levels of a factor. By default it computes all pairwise differences. Let’s demonstrate compare_levels with another plotting geom, geom_halfeyeh, which gives horizontal “half-eye” plots, combining interval estimates with a density plot: #N.B. the syntax for compare_levels is experimental and may change m %>% spread_samples(r_condition[condition,]) %>% compare_levels(r_condition, by = condition) %>% ggplot(aes(y = condition, x = r_condition)) + geom_halfeyeh() If you prefer “caterpillar” plots, ordered by something like the mean of the difference, you can reorder the factor before plotting: #N.B. the syntax for compare_levels is experimental and may change m %>% spread_samples(r_condition[condition,]) %>% compare_levels(r_condition, by = condition) %>% ungroup() %>% mutate(condition = reorder(condition, r_condition)) %>% ggplot(aes(y = condition, x = r_condition)) + geom_halfeyeh() + geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed")  ## Ordinal models The brms::fitted.brmsfit function for ordinal and multinomial regression models in brms returns multiple estimates for each sample: one for each outcome category (in contrast to rstanarm::stan_polr models, which return samples from the latent linear predictor). The philosophy of tidybayes is to tidy whatever format is output by a model, so in keeping with that philosophy, when applied to ordinal and multinomial brms models, add_fitted_samples adds an additional column called category and a separate row containing the estimate for each category is output for every sample and predictor. ### Ordinal model with continuous predictor Consider this ordinal regression model: m_cyl = brm(ordered(cyl) ~ mpg, data = mtcars, family = cumulative) ## Compiling the C++ model ## Start sampling add_fitted_samples will include a category column, and estimate will contain the estimated probability that the response is in that category. For example, here is the fit for the first row in the dataset: data_frame(mpg = 21) %>% add_fitted_samples(m_cyl) %>% mean_qi(estimate) ## # A tibble: 3 x 7 ## # Groups: mpg, .row, category [3] ## mpg .row category estimate conf.low conf.high .prob ## <dbl> <int> <fctr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 21.0 1 1 0.304 0.0430 0.680 0.950 ## 2 21.0 1 2 0.682 0.311 0.954 0.950 ## 3 21.0 1 3 0.0138 0.0000103 0.0847 0.950 We could plot fit lines for estimated probabilities against the dataset: data_plot = mtcars %>% ggplot(aes(x = mpg, y = cyl, color = ordered(cyl))) + geom_point() fit_plot = mtcars %>% data_grid(mpg = seq_range(mpg, n = 101)) %>% add_fitted_samples(m_cyl) %>% ggplot(aes(x = mpg, y = estimate, color = category)) + stat_lineribbon(alpha = .5) + scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Greys") plot_grid(ncol = 1, align = "v", data_plot, fit_plot ) ### Ordinal model with categorical predictor Here’s an ordinal model with a categorical predictor: data(esoph) m_esoph_brm = brm(tobgp ~ agegp, data = esoph, family = cumulative()) ## Compiling the C++ model ## Start sampling Then we can plot predicted probabilities for each outcome category within each level of the predictor: esoph %>% data_grid(agegp) %>% add_fitted_samples(m_esoph_brm) %>% # brms does not keep the category labels, # but we can recover them from the original data within(levels(category) <- levels(esophtobgp)) %>%
scale_size_continuous(guide = FALSE)
This output should be very similar to the output from the corresponding m_esoph_rs model in vignette("tidy-rstanarm") (modulo different priors), though brms does more of the work for us to produce it than rstanarm does.